Italian Past Perfect Tense - Trapassato Prossimo

The trapassato prossimo in Italian, an indicative compound tense, expresses an action completed in the past and preceding another action in the past. It is, in other words, the past of the past—preceding the passato prossimo. It is what in English translates to, for example, The cat had already eaten so it was not hungry. Or, It had rained so the earth was soaked. Or, I had never really understood the trapassato prossimo before. Had eaten, had rained, had understood: those are the trapassato prossimo. How to Make the Trapassato Prossimo The trapassato prossimo is made with the imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. The imperfetto of the auxiliary is what translates to the English had in the sentences above and below: Marco era stanco perchà © aveva studiato fino a tardi la notte prima. Marco was tired because he had studied until late the night before.Avevo letto il libro ma lo avevo dimenticato. I had read the book but I had forgotten it.La macchina sbandà ² perchà © aveva piovuto. The car swerved off the road because it had rained.La ragazza era diventata una signora e non la riconobbero. The girl had become a woman and they didnt recognize her. This conjugation table has examples of verbs conjugated in the trapassato prossimo: mangiare (transitive, conjugated with avere); lavorare (intransitive but with avere); and crescere and partire (intransitive, with essere). Mangiare Lavorare Crescere Partire io avevo mangiato avevo lavorato ero cresciuto/a ero partito/a tu avevi mangiato avevi lavorato eri cresciuto/a eri partito/a lui/lei/Lei aveva mangiato aveva lavorato era cresciuto/a era partito/a noi avevamo mangiato avevamo lavorato eravamo cresciuti/e eravamo partiti/e voi avevate mangiato avevate lavorato eravate cresciuti/e eravate partiti/e loro/Loro avevano mangiato avevano lavorato eravano cresciuti/e erano partiti/e Of course, when conjugating the trapassato prossimo, like any other compound tense, remember the ground rules for choosing your auxiliary verb. When using essere, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb. Also, in pronominal constructions with direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle must agree with the gender and number of the pronoun and the object it stands for. For example: Gli amici erano venuti, ma non li avevo visti perchà © quando sono arrivata erano già   ripartiti. The friends had come, but I had not seen them because when I arrived they had already left. Context of the Trapassato Prossimo Of course, because the trapassato prossimo describes actions in the context of other actions also in the past, it is often found and used with supporting clauses in several different past tenses (but only indicative): With Other Trapassati Prossimi Luomo gli aveva chiesto aiuto, ma gli aveva detto di no. The man had asked him for help, but he had said no.La signora era andata a cercare Maria, ma non laveva trovata. The woman had gone to look for Maria, she had not found her.Siccome che avevo finito di mangiare, avevo pulito già   la cucina. Since I had finished eating, I had already cleaned the kitchen. With the Passato Prossimo È partito in fretta: lo avevano chiamato a una riunione. He left in a hurry: They had called him to a meeting.Ha cucinato velocemente perchà © non aveva mangiato da giorni. She cooked quickly because she had not eaten in days.Avevo appena parcheggiato quando luomo mi à ¨ venuto addosso. I had just parked when the man hit me. With the Passato Remoto: Quellestate piovve, ma cera stato cosà ¬ tanto caldo che non fece differenza. It rained that summer, but it had been so hot it did not make a difference.Marco si arrabbià ² perchà © avevano portato il vino sbagliato. Marco got angry because they had brought the wrong wine.I turisti si snervarono perchà © il museo era stato chiuso in anticipo. The tourists became unnerved because the museum had been closed early. With the Imperfetto: Parlavo ma era inutile: il professore aveva già   deciso. I was talking, but it was useless: The professor had already made up his mind.Ogni anno a Natale la nonna ci faceva i biscotti se eravamo stati bravi. Every year at Christmas Grandma made us cookies, if we had been good.In primavera, se il tempo era stato bello, i fiori sbocciavano in abbondanza. In spring, if the weather had been pretty, the flowers bloomed plentiful. With the Presente Storico: Tommasi diventa famoso proprio quando aveva rinunciato alla fama. Tommasi becomes famous right when he had given up on fame. In this last example, the presente is used for narrative immediacy in the place of the passato remoto. Subtleties of the Trapassato Prossimo Sometimes the trapassato prossimo is used in the place of the passato prossimo as a form of politeness (it is called trapassato di modestia or cortesia), though the action is actually happening in real-time, while the speaker is speaking. Ero passata a prendere Lucia. I had come to get Lucia.Le avevo portato dei biscotti. I had brought her some cookies.Ero venuta a parlare con Gianna del suo debito. I had come to talk with Gianna about her debt. In narratives, the trapassato prossimo can serve a bit like the imperfetto in setting a background to more actions. In fragments, it can be inferred that, afterward, something else happened. Paolo aveva fatto di tutto per salvarla. Paolo had done everything to save her.Quel giorno ero arrivato alle dieci. That day I had arrived at 10 a.m.Quella mattina avevo lasciato la macchina in piazza Venezia. That morning I had left my car in Piazza Venezia. Of course, the ending is a mystery. Buono studio!

China s Massive Pollution Problem - 918 Words

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Hedge Fund and Galleon Group free essay sample

The Galleon Group was a privately owned hedge fund firm that provided services and information about investments. The group was founded in 1997, and attracted employee’s from Goldman Sach’s and Needham amp; Co. The company made its profit and other companies by choosing stocks carefully. Raj rajaratnam was an analyst for Needham for 11 years before leaving to start Galleon Group, he took several employee’s from his previous firm of Needham. In the years of running Galleon group, Rajaratnam cultivated a flamboyant style of leadership. In one stance he offered $5000 to anyone who shock themselves from with a stun-gun. In response, a member tried it and was hospitalized. Rajaratnam’s trouble with the law started in 2005 where he paid over $20 million to settle a federal investigation into a fake tax shelter to hide $52 million. The group also paid $2 million in 2005 to settle an SEC investigation into its stock trading practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Hedge Fund and Galleon Group or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rajaratnam had Intel employees leak information about sales and production. Raj had deep network of acquaintances, even in Goldman Sach’s, and other corps. He was convicted of 14 charges, and was guilty on all charges, however Raj and his defense team plan on appealing the decision made. Questions 1. Are information gathering techniques like Rajaratnam’s common on Wall street? If so, what could regulators, investors, and executives do to reduce the practice? I believe so, people always want the upper hand in the competition of things so acquiring info to increase earnings will always appear on Wall Street. I don’t know what could be done to reduce the practice other than high- level of oversight. Altogether I believe pushing to ban these practice could be the best choice to stop illegal information gathering. 2. What are the implications of sharing confidential material information? Is it something that would affect your decision about how to trade a stock if you knew about it? Confidential information must not be divulged without permission from the information’s source. It is an extensive concept that embraces business-related secrets as well as general information. This is definitely an issue that would affect my decision on trading a stock. 3. Do you think the secret investigation and conviction of Rajaratnam and other people in the Galleon network will deter other fund managers and investors from sharing non public information? Unfortunately no it won’t because there is always going to be a few bad eggs in the business world. There’s always going to be good and bad in everything.