Chronic Kidney Disease Research Paper - 2475 Words

Chronic Kidney Disease (Research Paper Sample) Content: Chronic Kidney DiseaseNameInstitutionCourse code + dateInstructorGlendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s CaseChronic Kidney disease is a major killer disease in Australia especially among the aboriginals. The ability to manage chronic kidney failure is very important because it is a disease that affects millions of people within Australia especially the Aboriginals who are at a higher risk to the disease. It is a disease that is prevalent mainly among the middle age as well as the old within the Australian society. In this article we will look at Glenda: an aboriginal lady with symptoms of Chronic Renal Failure. We will critically analyze the results of her test as well as carry out further tests to determine the main cause of her condition. We will look at the factors that might have contributed to her condition focusing also on the prevalence of chronic renal failure in Australia. Lastly we will state all the treatment options that Glenda should apply to deal with her situation.Looking keenly at Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s symptoms, we get the notion that she might be suffering from a severe disease. From the investigation, the main cause of her illness was found to be an advanced uremic syndrome. The primary cause of this disease, as witnessed from the investigation, was found to be due to extreme creatinine in her blood as well as the existence of pruritus. The condition first slows down the functioning of the renal system and then affects other body functions thus making it lethal to the body in the long run.The advanced uremic syndrome is closely related to chronic kidney disease (CKD), Brown et al., (2014) suggests that the 5th stage of chronic renal failure is very similar to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The investigation into the blood samples from Glenda revealed that she had an estimation of 3 ml/min/1.73m2 glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) based on the serum creatinine. From that revelation, we can make a conclusion that she has kidney failure (ESRD) (Martini e t al., 2012).Our kidneys are some of the busiest organs we have in our bodies. The two organs combined help in the purification of between 120 to 150 quarts of blood. They help in the production of urine that is a mixture of unwanted as well as extra fluids from the body. During this process, they help by producing certain hormones and enzymes that get used in controlling the production of other body fluids. A dysfunction in our renal system has very catastrophic results to our bodies. It leads to accumulation of toxic wastes in our bloodstreams the body. Such accumulation leads to certain conditions that may prove fatal to the body if not checked in turn. These are the conditions that lead to renal diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) that Glenda is suffering (Marieb Hoehn, 2013).Looking at Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s condition, we find out that the data from the laboratory test has revealed some abnormal results. The results showed her having higher serum creatinine as well as th e urea level in her blood sample. The level of potassium and urea levels was also quite high above normal levels at six mmol/L and 45 mmol/L respectively. However, the results showed a lower hematocrit level of 0.20 compared to average levels. Her creatinine clearance rate was also very low at only 8.2 mL/min (Lascano et al., 2013). A combination of all these substances at their respective levels may be the reason as to why Glenda was experiencing the signs and symptoms. Such a combination significantly affects several systems of the body and may lead to certain side effects. Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s anorexia and nausea may be due to her bloodstream having a higher level of urea. The high urea percentage causes irritation and inflammation in GI tract that contribute to anorexia (NKUDIC, 2015).Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s CKD also causes anemia that is a major inhibitor of the formation of red blood cells. Anemia first leads to a reduction in the renal erythropoietin secretion that plays a significa nt role in regulating the production of RBCs in the body. In Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s case, the production of RBCs in her body was reduced leading to a low count of RBCs in the body. The low RBCs count means a lower level of hemoglobin which thus causes a decrease in the supply of oxygen to the body tissues (Tostivint et al., 2012). The low oxygen supply to body tissues led to some neurological changes to her body. The signs and symptoms of such changes in the body include fatigue that Glenda was complaining about as well as her poor concentration ability. Glenda also complained of itchy skin that may have been due to the deposition of calcium phosphate in the skin and dry skin (Bullock Hales, 2012).The investigation into Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s condition also revealed that she could have been suffering from hypertension as shown by her blood pressure that was 156/ 97 mmHg. Such pressure would be catastrophic to her renal arteries and could reduce the supply of blood to them. The kidney would react by forming hormones to help them retain fluid in the body. There is also the inflammation that occurs in the pericardial sac (pericarditis) due to this condition. Such inflammation causes certain symptoms such as chest pains as well as other signs (Pragna et al. 2011).In Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s case, there is a need to carry out a thorough investigation to reveal more information on her condition. More information about her history is necessary to determine the previous diseases that might have contributed to her current situation. Further tests should be carried out on her hemoglobin and platelets tests in order to check her anemia. Another test should be done to determine if she has arrhythmia due to hyperkalemia that considered as a high-risk factor (The Merck Manual Professional, 2015). Hemodialysis should be carried out on her as soon as possible.Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s condition chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurred due to certain factors. These factors are either modifiable or n on-modifiable. Her medical history revealed that she had suffered certain diseases such as hypertension and glomerulonephritis. These conditions form the modifiable factors that might have contributed to her current state. She was also found to have been a heavy smoker, as well as a heavy drinker. Her eating habits were poor, and she did not engage in physical activity thus raising her cholesterol level. All these factors make up her modifiable factors that contributed to her CKD (Bullock et al. 2014). Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s history reveals her to have suffered glomerulonephritis that might have led to her kidney disease. The hypertension was catastrophic to her blood vessels as they interfered by the vesselsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ walls thus reducing the flow of blood to her kidneys. According to Bullock and Hales (2012), the two diseases are among the leading causes of CKD with diabetes mellitus the leading in Australia today (Kidney Health Australia, 2010).Some non-modifiable factors may have al so caused Glenda's CKD. These are the factors that she had no control over such as age. Her family history of kidney disease also may have played a role into her suffering this disease. The history of such disease in her community must also be established to find out whether it is a common disease among members of her community. Glendaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s age may have been a factor since as we grow; our kidneys undergo some anatomical changes that may turn lethal at a certain age. These anatomical changes include a reduction in the size and weight of her kidney by upto30% (Renal Resource Centre, 2010). The family medical history is also important since if any family member is found to have suffered some kidney disease then the other family members would be at risk to the same disease. The fact that her aboriginal community was at higher risk of kidney disease compared to other communities may also have played a role in her getting the disease.There are several ways in which to manage CKD pa tients and it mainly depends on certain factors. The primary factor is the stage at which the disease has reached. The main purpose of managing CKD is to reduce the rate at which it affects an individual and also to minimize some of the side effects that might arise. Management of CKD should also be done to patients who are at risk for the disease to reduce their chances of catching the disease (Brown Edwards, 2014). In the early stage, patients suffering from hypertension and diabetes should frequently be checked to ensure they do not develop CKD. Recurrent UTIs might also lead to CKD and so patients with such must take precaution. Thorough tests must be carried out on patients to check in their blood, urine, as well as the blood pressure (Vanholder, R., Desmet, 2014). Other management strategies for early stage renal failure would be to ensure one eats only foods that do not aggravate the condition. Sensitization about the disease should be done to the patients to give them an i nsight into what is required of them to help them manage the disease.When a patient reaches the moderate stage renal failure, the management strategies should be improved while some of the strategies applied in the early stage should get maintained. The diet of the patient must not include high sodium r potassium levels. Any slight changes in the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s metabolism should get checked as well as any other signs. The end stage renal failure will lead to the patient facing several complications. The symptoms of the end stage renal failure include certain secondary complications such as bone disease, uremic syndrome, and hyperkalemia among other related complications (Kidney Health Australia, 2010). From here the patients should be given the necessary treatment as required for the disease. The first options for treating renal failure would be to carry out haemo, peritoneal dialysis or perform a kidney transplant.

Economic Factors Affecting The Economic Activity Of The Uae

Next we should discuss some of the similarities and contrasts between the two countries. the most important contrast between these countries that is related to the study objective, UAE statistical SMEs report, shows that the dominate SMEs sector is the trade sector (60%) such as retail sector, consumer goods trading or garments trading. the second sector is services (35%) such as contracting industry and tourist-focused services. the Sector that is ripe for development in the UAE, is manufacturing (5%), such as auto parts or IT components. On the other hand, SMEs GDP contributions in Canada were highest from agriculture, then health, and then education. Where mining, information, and manufacturing are less contributions to the GDP. However, the concentration in the economic activity in UAE are in sectors with limited productivity growth, such as tourism, retail trade, and construction. In addition, exports are concentrated in gold and jewelry as well as tourism and transportation ser vices. While in Canada the concentration in the economic activity in sectors with higher productivity growth such as agriculture. Another major contrast, is that Canada has a liberal developed economy with an emphasis on market based resource allocation. In contrast, UAE as an economy, the development has just taken place and have short history in job quality with limited rules, rights and labor standards. This may have arisen due to oil revenue, a base of few institutions and a basic economy.Show MoreRelatedChallenges Facing Emirates Motor Company6080 Words   |  25 PagesGermany to UAE Name of Student Name of Instructor Name of Institution Date of Submission Executive Summary There are a number of challenges faced by organizations wishing to conduct business with other firms in a foreign country. 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Eating Disorders Essay - 2312 Words

Eating Disorders An eating disorder is a serious disruption of a persons eating habits, in some cases it may be a reflection of abnormal psychological functioning. The two most common eating disorders are, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Both of these eating disorders are most common among adolescent girls, but they do occur amongst older people and are becoming more and more frequent amongst men. Also they were originally only found in European countries but are becoming more common all over the world. Anorexia nervosa This is a disorder where the person fears that they might become†¦show more content†¦Body-image distortion People who have anorexia don?t see their own thinness, often they continue to see themselves as being fat, despite the fact that often their bones can clearly be seen. People who have anorexia also often deny the seriousness of their low body weight, their thinness is considered vital to their high self esteem. 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Case Study on Wesfarmers Limited Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study on Wesfarmers Limited. Answer: Wesfarmers Limited is one of the most famous Australian Company, which is headquartered in the Western part of Australia, specialising in the retail sectors as also in case of the chemicals, fertilizers, safety products, coal mining and so on. The business of Wesfarmers is resilient and the operations as well as the global competition are necessary to be maintained in case of the outside competition. The organisation is committed to operating in a sustainable manner and the environmental as well as the social responsibilities of the company are taken extremely seriously by the company. The different aspects of the business in which the organisation specialises in are equally important to the authorities in order to remain the global supergiant it already is and also aims to improve the future performances in order to ensure that the business is sustainable in the long term. The company authorities as well as the workers are never undeterred by challenges and perceive them as every op portunity to grow (Jones, Comfort and Hillier 2014). The organisation is committed to managing the community as well as the environmental impact along with the effects on the community. The company provides safe and comfortable workplaces for the employees. The people working with the organisation are always provided with opportunities to increase the quality of their overall job performance. The work environment is inclusive and gender diversity is also an important part of it (Wood, Tony, and Carter 2013). Strong as well as respectful relationships with the suppliers are encouraged in the organisation and it also takes full responsibility for the products it sources and the relationships with the suppliers. The relationships are maintained in a way to always positively contribute to the communities of operation. The consumers are also provided with safe products so that the company does not face any complaints from that sector. The intensity of the emissions related to the business of the organisation is reduced as much as possible i n order to have no amount of impact on the climate and the changes in the climate might be controlled to a certain extent. The wastage is also reduced, along with all these requirements the corporate governance of the organisation is maintained at all times (Daley 2012). The organisation acknowledges that the World is changing due to the advent of newer technologies and climate changes of significant magnitude. The rising temperatures, shortage of water as well as the scarcity of the food supplies are affecting the people (Niesche 2014). Unless the issues are addressed soon enough, they will severely impact the environment as well as the public. In order to ensure that the risks and theirmanagement will have economic, social as well as environmental benefits, the company works towards the common goal. The organisational divisions respond to the climate changes in two specific ways. At first, the green house gas emissions are managed actively as well as monitoring is done by the company. The cases in which the emissions can be reduced are done as soon as possible (Islam, Azizul, Jain, and Haque 2016). The organisation always aims to understand the specific nature of the risks that are created by the climatic change for the businesses and tries to solv e the risks immediately. The Australian commitment under the Paris Agreement towards a global agreement to limit the magnitude of global warming is supported by Wesfarmers. They support that the global warming should be kept 1.5-2 degrees Celsius above the pre industrial levels. The organisation believes that the industry as well as the governments should work together in order to achieve the positive outcome. The long term policy certainty is a pre-requisite for the decarbonisation to occur efficiently as well as affordably. The company aims to improve the greenhouse gas efficiency of their operations in order to reduce their own business costs as well as risks as also the contribution to the climate change mitigation the company is always responsible as well as efficient (Akbar, Suraiyah, and Ahsan 2014). With the growth of the global population, the continued development of the emerging economies depends on the access to the affordable energy. Renewables as well as the lower-emission fossil fuels are to form an integral part of the generation of the energy mix throughout the transition to a low emission of the global economy. The company adjusts to the climate change in order to manage the increased weather volatility, the extreme weather events, the higher average temperatures, as also the vdriuer climates may all possess the potential to impact the operations as well as the supply chains in a variety of ways. The focus was increased on the robustness of the businesses against the climate changes as well as its integration. The business continuity plans are essential in order to ensure that regions will get supplies even in times of extreme weather conditions. The company ensures that biodiversity as well as flora and fauna are protected, in order to meet the conditions for the environmental approval. The company also successfully maintains its responsibility towards the maintenance of the natural resources. The investment in the coal assets is responsible as well as all the standards are maintained. Apart from reducing their own greenhouse gas emissions, the customers are also assisted by organisation i n avoiding the harmful emissions of the greenhouse gases (da Silva 2012). In addition to this, the Wesfarmers organisation is committed to creation of the value for the shareholders, communities as well as employees for more than a century. The long term value creation is possible in case a positive role in played in the communities served by the organisation. The sustainability as well as social responsibility consists understanding as well as managing the ways in which the community is impacted. It is also ensured that value will be created in future. The company is committed to minimising the own footprint as well as delivering the solutions which assist customers as well as the community to do the same. The continuous improvement of the companys performance is evident from the sustainability performance of the organisation. The organisation being a market leader is always under the scanner for any type of critical decision they take. Since the experiences related to the Australian areas are limited, the low geographic presence acts against the company. On the other hand, strengths in the organisation include the sales through online formats, the special offers as well as discounts in order to suit the customers and also huge number of stores. Opportunities for citizens of Australia are provided by the Wesfarmers and more than half of their created wealth is distributed as salaries, wages as well as in case of employee benefits. The greatest competitive advantage of the company lies in their services made available to the people and also the contribution to their careers. The company uses the water resource as well as manages the waste responsibly as the reduction of the waste helps in creating environmental as well as business benefits for the organisations different divisions. Wesfarmers participates in the surveys related to carbon emission and also the surveys related to the forests in order to show their responsibility towards the environment. There are several instances of non-conformity to the environmental laws, but in case of Wesfarmers no major harm, injury or prosecution has been reported. The principles which the company aims to follow comprise social, economic, environmental as well are consistent with the principles of integrity, honesty, fairness as well as respect. It is essential for every worker and individual in the Wesfarmers Company to act with honesty, integrity, and they should also be accountable for all sorts of decisions. The organisations responsibility to all the shareholders as well as the financial markets needs to be maintained at all times which is followed by the Company without any scope for complaint. It is always imperative to maintain the privacy as well as the confidentiality of the information pertaining to the business records of the organisation. The conflicts which might arise in the company due to different sorts of interests need to be managed at all times to ensure smooth running of the company. The authorities always ensure that these factors are kept in mind at all times. The resources of Wesfarmers should not be misused at any time and it is always ensured that the information systems are kept safely and not tampered with. The business relationships should be maintained at all levels which in reality are always maintained. From the available sustainability reports as well as the relevant information on the social as well as corporate responsibility, it can safely be said that the Wesfarmers organisations maintains all the required parameters for being a global supergiant. It needs to maintain its operations in a similar way in order to retain the position as well as the requirements necessary to balance the environmental as well as the social needs. The climate changes and their impact also should not be ignored. References: Akbar, Suraiyah, and Kamrul Ahsan. "Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms."International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting6, no. 4 (2014): 375-396. da Silva, Matthew. "A broad business challenge-Sustainable Company of the Year."Ethical Investor98 (2012): 14. Daley, Jason. "THE GAME-CHANGERS."Entrepreneur-Irvine(2012): 92. Islam, Muhammad Azizul, Ameeta Jain, and Shamima Haque. "A preliminary analysis of Australian Governments Indigenous reform agenda Closing the Gapand corporate accountability." InKey Initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility, pp. 341-354. Springer International Publishing, 2016. Jones, Peter, Daphne Comfort, and David Hillier. "Environmental and Social Programmes and Rapidly Growing Retailers."Economia Seria Management17, no. 1 (2014): 5-17. Niesche, Christopher. "Creating a future of opportunities."Company Director30, no. 8 (2014): 16. Wood, Tony, and Lucy Carter. "Shock to the system."Grattan Institute, December(2013).